Rectal bleeding
| Rectal bleeding | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Rectal hemorrhage, rectorrhagia |
Rectal bleeding refers to bleeding in the rectum, thus a form of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. There are many causes of rectal hemorrhage, including inflamed hemorrhoids (which are dilated vessels in the perianal fat pads), rectal varices, proctitis (of various causes), stercoral ulcers, and infections. Diagnosis is usually made by proctoscopy, which is an endoscopic test.[1]
Signs and symptoms
[edit]Those with rectal bleeding may notice bright red blood in their stool. Symptoms associated with rectal bleeding include having several bowel movements in a day, feelings of incomplete rectal evacuation, straining, hard or lumpy stools, feelings of urgency, loose or watery stools, and leakage of bowel movement.[2]
Causes
[edit]Bleeding from the rectal area could indicate premalignant polyps or colorectal cancer.[3] Compared to colorectal cancer, anal lesions or benign colorectal conditions are far more common causes of rectal bleeding.[4] Other causes of rectal bleeding include hemorrhoids, full-thickness rectal prolapse, fissures, sentinel tags, ulcers, rhagades, external thromboses with extravasation of blood clot, prolapsed polyps or tags, anal trauma or anal-receptive intercourse, abscess, fistula opening, dermatologic conditions of the perianal region, hypertrophied papilla, and distal proctitis. An ulcer could be caused by Crohn's disease, anal cancer, HIV, or another STD. Inflammatory bowel diseases may also cause rectal bleeding.[5]
Risk factors
[edit]Certain medications, such as calcium channel blockers or proton pump inhibitors, can exacerbate anorectal symptoms by causing diarrhea or constipation, or they can exacerbate bleeding (e.g., Coumadin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). A history of hemorrhoidectomy, fissure surgery, fistula surgery, polypectomy, or colectomy may be relevant. Gastrointestinal symptoms can also result from other procedures like gastric bypass or cholecystectomy. Any prior assessment, such as a colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy, may also be important, as well as any history of polypectomy carried out in connection with one of these operations.[5]
Diagnosis
[edit]Any complaint of bleeding should be followed up with a complete blood count (CBC) in order to determine the extent of the bleeding and guide treatment. The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and the international normalized ratio (INR), which can be used to detect bleeding tendencies, are additional crucial lab tests to obtain.[6]
Testing for STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, should be conducted on patients who engage in anal receptive sex.[6] No matter if there are other clinical symptoms present or not, endoscopies are the gold standard for examining rectal bleeding and should be completed on patients over 40. To check for a distal source of bleeding, such as internal hemorrhoids, proctitis, rectal ulcers, malignancies, or varices, one can use an anoscope or rigid procto-sigmoidoscope. When proximal lower GI pathology is suspected, a colonoscopy needs to be performed.[7]
If there is a significant amount of bleeding or the patient is too unstable to be put under anesthesia for an endoscopic procedure, CT angiography may be pursued. It could be challenging to pinpoint the precise location of the blood if there is a lot of blood in the stomach.[6]
Tagged red blood cell scintigraphies are a precise way to locate the bleeding vessels and pinpoint the area where they are bleeding. It can be applied to chronic and recurrent rectal bleeding with no apparent cause.[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Vernava AM, Moore BA, Longo WE, Johnson FE (1997). "Lower gastrointestinal bleeding". Dis. Colon Rectum. 40 (7): 846–58. doi:10.1007/BF02055445. PMID 9221865. S2CID 6971032.
- ^ Eslick, G. D.; Kalantar, J. S.; Talley, N. J. (2009). "Rectal bleeding: epidemiology, associated risk factors, and health care seeking behaviour: a population-based study". Colorectal Disease. 11 (9): 921–926. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2008.01721.x. ISSN 1462-8910. PMID 19175652. S2CID 24700405.
- ^ AJ, Silman; P, Mitchell; RJ, Nicholls; FA, Macrae; RJ, Leicester; CI, Bartram; MJ, Simmons; PD, Campbell; CE, Hearn; PJ, Constable (1983). "Self-reported dark red bleeding as a marker comparable with occult blood testing in screening for large bowel neoplasms". The British Journal of Surgery. 70 (12). Br J Surg: 721–724. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800701209. ISSN 0007-1323. PMID 6605779. S2CID 40748593. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
- ^ Dent, Owen F.; Goulston, Kerry J.; Tennant, Christopher C.; Langeluddecke, Pauline; Mant, Andrea; Chapuis, Pierre H.; Ward, Margaret; Leslie Bokey, E. (1990). "Rectal bleeding: Patient delay in presentation". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 33 (10): 851–857. doi:10.1007/BF02051921. ISSN 0012-3706. PMID 2209274. S2CID 263041837.
- ^ a b Ferguson, Martha A (2005). "Office Evaluation of Rectal Bleeding". Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery (in German). 18 (4): 249–254. doi:10.1055/s-2005-922847. ISSN 1531-0043. PMC 2780087. PMID 20011290.
- ^ a b c d Sabry, Ahmed O.; Sood, Tanuj (July 31, 2023). "Rectal Bleeding". StatPearls Publishing. PMID 33085290. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
- ^ Metcalf, J V; Smith, J; Jones, R; Record, C O (1996). "Incidence and causes of rectal bleeding in general practice as detected by colonoscopy". The British Journal of General Practice. 46 (404). Royal College of General Practitioners: 161–164. PMC 1239576. PMID 8731622.
Further reading
[edit]- Gelabert, Hugh A.; Rigberg, David; Bhattacharya, Abhik; Regueiro, Miguel; Nayak, Aniruddh N.; Santoni, Brandon G.; Klinkhammer-Schalke, Monika; Lindberg, Patricia; Nagakumar, Prasad; Rao, Satish; Zawadzka, Katarzyna; Wilding, Edward L. (November 1, 1998). "Self-reported rectal bleeding in a United States community: prevalence, risk factors, and health care seeking". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 93 (11). No longer published by Elsevier: 2179–2183. doi:10.1016/S0002-9270(98)00411-0. ISSN 0002-9270. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
- Tedesco, Francis J. (1978-12-01). "Colonoscopic Evaluation of Rectal Bleeding: A Study of 304 Patients". Annals of Internal Medicine. 89 (6): 907–909. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-89-6-907. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 309745.
- Helfand, Mark; Marton, Keith I.; Zimmer-Gembeck, Melanie J.; Sox, Harold C. (January 1, 1997). "History of Visible Rectal Bleeding in a Primary Care Population". JAMA. 277 (1). American Medical Association: 44–48. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540250052031. ISSN 0098-7484. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
- Bond, John H (February 2002). "Rectal Bleeding: Is It Always An Indication for Colonoscopy?". American Journal of Gastroenterology. 97 (2): 223–225. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05447.x. PMID 11866253. S2CID 38986187.